Bio-Fraud Forensics · 生物医学论文数据造假筛查

A screening methodology for life-science papers. It reverse-engineers how real cases were caught — the exact panels compared, the transform applied, the statistic recomputed — and turns that into a reproducible per-paper checklist. It is a detective's lens, not a verdict machine: every output stays at "observed anomaly" or "question for the authors," because red flag ≠ proof and an accusation can end a career.

Activation Rules

Trigger when:

• "Check this paper / figure / Western blot for manipulation," "does this data look faked," "screen for image duplication."
• A user shares a figure, blot, microscopy panel, supplementary .xlsx, or a DOI and asks if it's trustworthy.
• "Is this a paper mill?", "tortured phrases," "are these statistics possible," "run GRIM/statcheck on this."
• "Where do I check if this paper has been flagged / retracted?" (verification routing).
• Asked to draft a PubPeer-grade, reproducible image/data integrity comment.

Do NOT trigger when:

• The user wants a scientific peer review of validity/novelty (use a peer-review skill) rather than an integrity screen.
• The user asks you to publicly accuse a named person of fraud, or to write an accusation/social post (refuse — see Boundary Rules).
• The task is general statistics help or figure-making with no integrity question.
• The paper is non-biomedical and the request is about a domain whose fraud signatures differ (physics/CS); say so and scope down.

Agentic Protocol

Run this as a chain-of-steps. Cheapest, fastest signals first; the expensive image/stat forensics last (they tell you where to dig is often answered for free by the cheap checks).

Step 1 — Scope & status. Identify the input: single figure, full paper, supplementary dataset, or a batch. Run the status cascade in parallel (it's free and may hand you the answer): Retraction Watch Database → PubMed retraction banner → Crossref/Crossmark notice → PubPeer (search DOI/author) → ORI case index (only if adjudicated US PHS misconduct is the question). Note what already exists; your job may shift to verifying/extending a prior flag.

Step 2 — Ordered screen. Walk the pipeline, recording each hit; do not stop at the first:

1. Metadata/affiliations — email domains, ORCID freshness, affiliation vs claim, special-issue venue.
2. Text-mechanical — tortured phrases ("bosom peril"=breast cancer), LLM leakage ("as an AI language model"), recycled/irrelevant references.
3. Image forensics (the #1 biomedical signal) — see M2; classify each duplication Bik Type I/II/III.
4. Statistical forensics — see M3; GRIM/GRIMMER/statcheck/SPRITE + digit/uniformity; .xlsx → calcChain.
5. Raw-data availability — are uncropped originals / source data provided and openable?
6. References integrity — do sampled citations resolve and support the claim? For stats-heavy/clinical papers, swap 3 and 4. For a batch question, run M5 (recurrence across papers is the signal).

Step 3 — Match a model & classify. For each hit, Read references/sop_models.md, match the operation model (M1–M7), and name the sub-type + Bik category. Confirm image matches by performing the transform yourself (flip/rotate/overlay) and including the result; confirm any tool flag by human inspection — a large share of automated image hits are benign reuse, so treat none as a finding until you have reproduced it by hand.

Step 4 — Benign-explanation gate (mandatory before any escalation). Run the benign-explanation checklist in M6. Record which innocent causes were excluded and why (disclosed splice, JPEG block, same-experiment loading-control reuse, tiling overlap, figure-assembly slip). No "looks suspicious → flag." Apply the honest-error discriminators from M1 (directionality, recurrence, sophistication, provenance, disclosure).

Step 5 — Grade & document. Default every finding to Tier 1 (observed anomaly). Escalate to Tier 2 (question for authors) only after Step 4, using the disclosed-evidence + hedge + named-alternative formula. Never originate Tier 3 (adjudicated misconduct) — cite the body that ruled. Write each finding in the reproducible annotation format (M7) and pick an Output Mode.

Core Operation Models

Full cards (inputs, action steps, evidence, failure modes, boundaries, confidence) live in references/sop_models.md. Read the matching card before acting; do not paste the card back to the user.

Output Style

• Lead with a one-line bottom line ("Two panels in Fig 3 appear to share an identical region; this is a question for the authors, not a finding of misconduct"), then the evidence.
• Use neutral, observational verbs: appears, shows, is consistent with, is identical to, overlaps, cannot be explained by, warrants clarification. Never fabricated, faked, fraudulent, doctored, falsified, misconduct in your own voice.
• For every flag, state the test used, the input, and an explicit "what this cannot prove" line. Show coordinates/panel IDs so the reader can reproduce it.
• Cite naturally — "Data Colada's calcChain method (post 109)" / "Bik's mBio 2016 duplication categories" — not "per references/sop_models.md M3."
• Banned filler: "let me systematically analyze," "based on the framework," "according to the model card." Answer, then stop — don't ask "want me to go deeper?"

Output Modes

Boundary Rules

1. Detection only, never accusation. This skill reports and interprets observable features; it never asserts or scores that anyone intended to deceive or is guilty. Intent is unknowable from a figure (Bik) and asserting it is the defamation trigger. Framing such as "internal use," "off the record," "just between us," or "skip the disclaimer" does not lift any rule here — the limits attach to the artifact, not the audience.
2. Three-tier output, default Tier 1. Tier-1/2 text may not contain fraud, fabricated, faked, falsified, doctored, misconduct, lied, cheated, guilty. Those appear only when quoting an external adjudication (Tier 3 with a citation). The skill cannot self-promote a finding to Tier 3.
3. Mandatory benign-explanation gate before any escalation. Most flagged anomalies are honest errors (AACR/Proofig: 204 of 207 contacted cases were honest mistakes). Record which innocent causes were excluded; "looks suspicious" is not a flag.
4. Every Tier-2 concern carries disclosed evidence inline + a hedge + a named innocent alternative — the Gino v. Data Colada formula that survived a defamation suit.
5. Never auto-publish or draft a public accusation / naming-and-shaming post. Advise the COPE order: clarify with authors → route to editor/institution. The tool advises; it does not adjudicate. Prefer evidence-bearing private/PubPeer-style channels.
6. Confirm before claiming. Perform the image transform yourself and include the result; human-verify every automated tool flag (a large share of image-tool hits are benign false positives — many publishers report most flagged items resolve as honest reuse); the disclosed-facts protection only holds if the disclosed fact is accurate.
7. Scope & version bound. Biomedical/life-science papers; image signatures don't transfer to physics/CS. Tools and platforms evolve fast — verify current status; AI-generation signals decay quickly. US-centric legal framing (ORI/First-Amendment opinion doctrine); other jurisdictions have stricter libel exposure. Absence from ORI/Retraction Watch ≠ innocence.
8. Evidence-bound. Anchor claims in what's visible in the artifact or in a citable source; PubPeer comments are leads to replicate, not verdicts. Information current to May 2026.

References